What Is An Argumentative Passage Analysis - 875 Words

What is an argumentative passage analysis? In a passage analysis, you take some piece of written prose which contains an argument and extract the argument from it. In order to do this, you must identify the conclusion of the argument, as well as any premises that support the conclusion, and structure them in such a way that the argument is clearly valid (if indeed it is valid in the passage). Here is an example of an argumentative passage: Socrates is a man, and all men are mortal. As such, Socrates is mortal. Properly analysed, this passage could be put into premise-conclusion form as follows: Socrates is a man. All men are mortal. ∠´ Socrates is mortal. That was an easy example. Sometimes it’s more difficult to tell which claim is the conclusion and which are the premises. Consider: But of course, this argument is terribly misguided. After all, by any reasonable definition of the word â€Å"human,† an unborn child of any age is as much a human as you or me. That is why abortion is never permissible. The aforementioned argument is right to say that it is never permissible to kill humans, but wrong to say that fetuses are not humans. This passage is much more difficult to formalize. The first problem we encounter is that it’s not clear which sentence contains the thesis. We may be tempted to look towards the first and last sentences for a clue, but it seems unlikely that either of these is the main point being argued by the author. At the very least, those do not seem to be theShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Thonney, Williams, And Mcenerney1750 Words   |  7 Pagesheartily wish all of you an easy passage† (Williams and McEnerney page 1). Throughout the essay, the author provides a set of structure and tips that first year college students should know when writing an academic paper. Among this paper, we are able to see that there are students whose instructors are dissatisfied with their paper because it is â€Å"lacking something† ( Williams and McEnenery’s pg1 ), it isn’t â€Å"quite there† or â€Å"You haven’t change†. Both passages consist of informative research thatRead MoreLesson of the Moth Poetry Analysis860 Words   |  4 PagesAmber Brewer Dr. Fussell ENGL 1302 April 8, 2011 â€Å"The lesson of the moth† Analysis by Don Marquis The title of this poem by Don Marquis is The Lesson of the Moth because it is a poem about the thoughts of a moth and his outlook on life. The overall poem would be considered argumentative being the moth is trying to inform the man that he should live his life and let his hair down a little more instead of relishing the everyday routines of life. This is shown in paragraph 3 when the moth saysRead MoreHow Does The Text Circulate? Essay829 Words   |  4 Pagesof view. Lastly, parenthetical citations are heavily used throughout different sections of the article in order to add additional support to the authors’ arguments. 2. What is it about, empirically? (What is being studied as the object?) †¨ Reading Hurricane Katrina, is formulated as an argumentative analysis that attempts to shed light on the biopolitics of disposability and the influence of anti-democratic forces that have played a pivotal role in shaping American society. In additionRead MoreTeaching Philosopy: How to Mark a Book by Mortimer Adler853 Words   |  4 PagesAdler. In essence, what Adler discusses in his article is how to become an active reader, which he calls owning a book. This resonates with me because I encourage my students not to just read the text, but discover its hidden meanings, or actively read. Adler states, â€Å"Full ownership only comes when you have made it a part of yourself†¦by writing in it.† It sounds simple, but for many students this is not the case. I understand when students read, they will organically stop at a passage that stands outRead MoreAnalyzing a Published Work775 Words   |   4 PagesAnalyzing a Published Work Overview One of the most important moves academic writers can master is the art of analysis. This assignment will help you to develop the skills necessary to determine the meaning found within a text. To be clear, the intent of this essay is not to argue for or against the content; instead, we are analyzing what the article does in terms of the following: 1.purpose, 2.approach, and 3.effectiveness. Assignment Go to an online newspaper website: ChicagoRead MoreGeneral Guidelines For Help Undergraduate Students Write Better Essays884 Words   |  4 Pagesclosely read the instructions and meet with your Professor if necessary. BEFORE YOU START Make sure that you have closely read the instructions as presented by your Professor. As stated before, there are many different types of historical essays (argumentative essays, historiographical reviews and so on). It is imperative that your style is adapted to the type of essay you are required to write. Gather all your information. Some Professors want students to write essays using only class material, othersRead MoreReflection Paper : Barbie Q By Sandra Cisneros938 Words   |  4 Pagesand the purpose behind the story. In class, an important lesson taught me how to use active verbs throughout entire passages. This proved to be a struggle in my development of writing skills. I often found myself mixing passive verbs with active verbs, sometimes in the same sentence. Another useful lesson I learned included how to look at my story by Cisneros from an argumentative view instead of a personal view. As a result of these challenges, I learned how to become more aware when mixing theseRead MoreShhh Essay2170 Words   |  9 PagesUse a template from They Say, I Say to begin your summary. Make appropriate rhetorical â€Å"moves,† such as integrating quotes, choosing strong verbs, and using effective transitions. Most importantly, demonstrate that you understand the what, how, and why: (1) What is the main argument or â€Å"gist† of Crystal’s essay? (2) How does Crystal develop/ support/ illustrate this argument? (3) Why, according to Crystal, does this argument matter? Criteria for Evaluation: 1. Is the summary well-organizedRead MoreSelf-Reflective Paper 838 Words   |  3 Pagesthe previous semester I struggled and nearly passed by a hair because I did not clearly understand the objectives that were given. In this semester, my mistakes had to be fixed. Although it was a process, I finally got around to clearly understanding what the objectives were for English 1302 and how to apply them to my papers for this course. The first objective that is given in the syllabus is to meet the requirement of 20 pages total by the end of the course. The objective includes being able toRead MoreClassification : Learning Disability / Adhd Primary Language1288 Words   |  6 Pages_________________________ Parent _____________________ Regular Ed. Teacher _________________________ Student _____________________ District Representative _______________________ II. Student s Strengths: John is able to work quietly and independently once he knows what to do. He cooperates and interacts well with his peers with supervision. He remains calm and in control of his temper, with frequent reminders. He is creative, and enjoys drawing. John recognizes when students are being kind, include him, he enjoys

The Political Philosophy Of Niccolo Machiavelli And Socrates

Among the most well-known and notorious philosophers, Niccolo Machiavelli and Socrates laid the groundwork for western political philosophy and modern day politics. Though both lived through times of political transition and war, the fragility of their politics, violence of their wars, and the leaders they lived under influenced the development of their differing ideologies about the governing of principalities. From Machiavelli’s experience, came, â€Å"The Prince,† a guidebook about the importance of self-preservation when leading a principality that was gifted to then- governor of Florence Lorenzo de’Medici. The primary ideas shared, rely on committing acts of evil if they are justified with reasoning. From Socrates’ lifetime came an†¦show more content†¦If Socrates had operated under Machiavelli’s leadership style, he would have escaped with Crito and chosen self- preservation and survival over making the â€Å"right† decision and being executed for his actions Another requirement of Machiavelli’s Prince is a faà §ade for the public that complies with their every want and need. To the Prince, Machiavelli directed that â€Å"everyone sees what you appear to be, few experience what you really are† (The Prince, Chapter XVIII). Behind the mask and faà §ade, the Prince must do whatever is necessary to remain in power and benefit oneself, even if that means doing something morally wrong. Creating a faà §ade for the public eye and deceiving one’s citizens, to Socrates, would be considered immoral as it does not promote the common good, but helps hide the Prince advancing his individual ideologies. Morality is the philosophical distinction between what is right and what is wrong. In terms of leadership, Socrates believes that leaders should use morality to make the right decisions regardless of the outcome, as the moral decision will always benefit a society as opposed to risking a wrong choice. Socrates’ idea of mora lity and doing what is morally correct despite the outcome is absolutely opposite to a faà §ade of benevolence. Due to this promotion of deception within a principality, Socrates would not agree with Machiavelli’s style of leadership. InShow MoreRelatedSocrates And Niccolo Machiavelli1735 Words   |  7 PagesEssay 1: Socrates and Machiavelli Although Socrates and Niccolo Machiavelli lived in different time periods, the political climate that their philosophies were founded on were very similar. The trial of Socrates began after the Peloponnesian War when the new Spartan Tyranny took over the Athenian government. Socrates was accused of corrupting the youth and disrespecting the gods by the Spartan government. In the eyes of the Spartan government Socrates is a gadfly because of his posing of upsettingRead MoreCompare And Contrast Socrates And Machiavelli1419 Words   |  6 PagesSocrates vs. Machiavelli: The meaning of truth As philosophers, both Socrates and Niccolo Machiavelli developed theories in response to the warring political environment around them. However, the theories and principles developed by the two philosophers are vastly different in regard to the concept of truth, Socrates would hate Machiavelli’s model prince due to Machiavelli’s manipulative view of truth. While Socrates desired a state that focuses on fundamental truth and ethical decisions, MachiavelliRead MoreSocrates Vs Niccolo Machiavelli Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates and Niccolo Machiavelli are revered as some of the most influential thinkers of their respective times. Both of these thinkers developed their thoughts while Athens and Florence, their respective cities, faced political unrest. By questioning the people of Athens through their period of turmoil following a shift in government, Socrates was able to formulate opinions regarding how a government should operate and how people should rule. Cent uries later during the Renaissance era, Machiavelli’sRead MoreA Comparison Of The Apology And Niccolo Machiavelli And The Prince1513 Words   |  7 PagesPlato’s The Apology and Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince provide two opposing views of the ideal ruler and government. The seminal works attempt to uncover the true definition of justice which becomes the basis from which they craft their vision of effective civil leadership. The two men, both influenced by the times of similar conflict and chaos in which they worked, espouse divergent beliefs regarding proper and effective authority. This difference is rooted in a fundamental incongruity betweenRead MoreEssay about Niccolo Machiavelli1653 Words   |  7 Pagesto legend, just before his death, Niccolo Machiavelli told his friends that had remained faithful to him up until the very end about a dream he had had. In his dream, he had seen a group of peasants, wretched and decrepit in appearance. He asked them wh o they were. They replied, ‘We are the saintly and the blessed; we are on our way to heaven.’ Then he saw a crowd of formally attired men, aristocratic and grim in appearance, speaking solemnly of important political matters. Again, he asked them whoRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli And Plato1693 Words   |  7 PagesNiccolo Machiavelli and Socrates (through Plato) have both given the world plenty of advice when it comes to governing. Both men have contributed to the debate of what a ‘prince’, or ruler, should look like. They lived in different time periods but were both surrounded by political uncertainty and fragmentation, which contributed to their views of government. Their ideals of a prince overlap in ways, but overall there are glaring differences in how they think a ‘prince’ should rule. A strong exampleRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli And Socrates1768 Words   |  8 Pagesphilosophers. Odds are, Niccolà ² Machiavelli and Socrates are among t he five. Growing up in different times with similar abundant political turmoil and uncertainty, Machiavelli and Socrates developed ideas of how to deal with such unrest. On one hand, Machiavelli’s ideas resulted in a work titled The Prince, informing leaders how he believed they should conduct themselves in order to be effective. In Machiavelli’s mind, an effective leader is one that keeps his state united. Socrates, however, denouncesRead MorePolitical Theorists, Niccolo Machiavelli And Socrates1630 Words   |  7 PagesPolitical theorists, Niccolo Machiavelli and Socrates, formulated their thoughts in heightened political climates in their respective countries leading to their definitive and explicit opinions surrounding how a governmental system should be run. The government systems proposed by both theorists are vastly different due to what each individual prioritizes in terms of political necessities. Machiavelli’s concept is to describe the means in obtai ning power in order to define a political structure thatRead MoreMachiavelli And Socrates1579 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates Niccolo Machiavelli and Socrates both lived during turbulent, political times. Machiavelli in Florence, Italy and Socrates in Athens. Machiavelli’s The Prince outlines the necessary features and traits of a sovereign, primarily, a Prince. It served as a handbook to effective rulership in the 16th century. By analyzing Machiavelli’s belief that a prince should be strategically feared, the role of free will , and the role of the people , I will argue that Machiavelli hasRead MoreThe Last Days Of Socrates And Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince And The Discourses1651 Words   |  7 Pagesthe basis and framework for political philosophy, are Plato’s The Last Days of Socrates, and Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince and The Discourses. Both pieces take place during political uncertainty with surrounding societal turmoil. Each take a different approach to how these issues must be dealt with. They each have their own construct of an ideal political regime which, at ti mes overlap, but at others do not. Machiavelli seeks to gain power and wealth while Socrates seeks to gain knowledge and

Why Vaccination Should Be Mandatory Free Essays

Many parents are afraid to give their children vaccinations for multiple reasons. However, immunizations should become mandatory in order to prolong the existence of the human race and avoid the potential death of millions. The image I used represents the fear of vaccinations by many parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Vaccination Should Be Mandatory or any similar topic only for you Order Now The image not only shows the child screaming in pain from the vaccination, but also the mother seems to be in pain as well. The mother’s pain is represented by the scar on her forehead and the expression of agony on her face. The doctor is portrayed as being unconcerned about the pain that her patient is in. The creator of the image attempts to scare the general public into believing that doctors purposely inject harmful substances into their patients and do not care about the consequences of their actions. Before stating why people should have mandatory vaccinations the arguments against it must be presented. Many argue that a child’s immune system can protect them from the majority of infections and viruses that children take immunizations for. Others argue that vaccinated children have more health problems than unvaccinated children. Some say that vaccinations do not work at all. In order to get rid of parents’ fear of vaccinations they must be presented with all of the positives that vaccines provide. Viruses such as Cholera, the Flu and measles are some of many common viruses that can spread throughout a population quickly. It is estimated that â€Å"every 30 to 40 years an aggressive flu virus emerges, one that has changed just enough that people’s natural defenses are caught completely unprepared†(Edwards, http://health. owstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm. ). To avoid instances like this, people should be obligated to be given immunizations. In a survey concerning whether or not immunizations should be mandatory, 69% of people who took the survey agreed that immunization should be mandatory. The majority of the 69% of survey takers believed that an individual should not have the ability to risk the health of the public by not receiving a vaccine shot(http://www. debate. org/opinions/should-immunization-of-children-be-mandated-by-law). Vaccines have the ability to destroy and prevent many illnesses. For example, vaccination has eradicated polio and smallpox. A study by the Pediatric Academic Society showed that â€Å"childhood vaccinations in the US prevent about 10. 5 million cases of infectious illness and 33,000 deaths per year†( http://vaccines. procon. org/#background). However, there are people who refuse to receive vaccinations. Some individuals don’t receive vaccinations because they believe they will get sick by the vaccine or believe they are healthy enough to naturally resist most diseases. Even though people are entitled to receive or not receive vaccinations, not being vaccinated can have serious consequences. An example of the necessity for vaccines happened between January 1, 2008 and April, 25 2008. There were 64 reported cases of measles and besides 1 of the infected persons, the rest were unvaccinated(Vaccine Refusal, Mandatory Immunization, and the Risks of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, p1981-1988). Many parents would also argue that vaccinations can cause autism in their children. However, a study by researchers at the CDC and Johns Hopkins University proved the hypothesis that â€Å"thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative in vaccines, causes autism† was a false claim(Music, p161-167). Childhood vaccines have been proven to be 90-99% effective in stopping diseases according to the American Academy of Pediatrics(Mah, p1850-1857). Most people would also argue that since the majority of people are vaccinated, the chance of contracting many diseases is low. However, in order to increase the public’s chances of not getting diseases, â€Å"communities must maintain a herd immunity†(Edwards, http://health. owstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm. ). Herd immunity is when a sufficient amount of people have been vaccinated to protect those who have not been vaccinated. For example, if 85% of a population is immune to polio, then herd immunity is reached(Edwards, http://health. howstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/he rd-immunity1. htm). Society also has to be aware that diseases that are seemingly no longer existent can reappear if people are not vaccinated as well. Vaccines also have economic benefits. The CDC found that â€Å"every $1 spent on vaccination saves the public $6. 30 in medical costs†(Omer, p8). After the emergence of the chicken pox vaccination hospital bills related to chicken pox dropped from $160 million in 1993 to $66 million in 2001(Edwards, http://health. howstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm). It has also been proven that a lack of immunization in a population can slow the development of a country. In conclusion, immunizations should become mandatory for all citizens. Viruses and diseases have the ability to move from one person to another How to cite Why Vaccination Should Be Mandatory, Essay examples

Coca Cola Project Report free essay sample

PROJECT REPORT ON â€Å"A Comparative Study of soft drinks† POST GRADUATION DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT (Session: 2010-2012) Submitted By: Shiva Bhardwaj EBS ID- 0101PG009 ERA BUSINESS SCHOOL DWARKA SEC -9 NEW DELHI PREFACE Research report is an integral part of management courses. Project report experience refers to knowledge and skills acquired by a student by participation in activities performed by professional. It is distinct from an education in which theoretical knowledge is acquired. The ability to develop solutions to practical through application of theoretical knowledge is acquired by management students in the course of their Project report. It also helps the students to develop professional competence and related skills as also to imbibe certain ethical values and norms expected of professionals. The soft drink industry has entered to booming phase and soft drink is available everywhere like water. To monopolize market powerful projects are undertaken. This project is an endeavor in that direction. The development of soft drink market it is necessary to touch all areas and the soft drink should be available in rural areas as well as in urban sector, now the companies are focusing on rural market and the strategies for that are made and market research for the promotion is needed. The emphasis in the project is providing the study and an insight into Indian FMCG Business Scenario. The Summer Project is designed to provide participation of MBA program as on the job experience. This has given a chance to try and apply the academic knowledge and gain insight into corporate culture. This helps in developing decision-making abilities and emphasizes on active participation by the student. We undertook our Research in Coca cola Hindustan, a leading Bottler and Marketing partner of the beverage. During the project, we had worked on the topic â€Å"A comparative study of soft drinks†. We gained valuable experience knowledge during the survey. The Project consists of findings, data analysis then SWOT analysis conclusions were drawn and finally recommendations were put forward. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Research report will be incomplete without acknowledge giving my sincere, gratitude to all persons who have helped me in the preparation of this research. First of all, I thank â€Å"GOD ALIMIGHTY† for the blessings showered on me throughout this project work, which has helped me in the successful completion of the training. I express our thanks to Hindustan Coca cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd. for granting me the permission to work with the esteem organization. I am also thankful to Mr. ASHUTOSH- (MIS EXECUTIVE) ADVANCE SALESSERVICE Pvt. Ltd Coca cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd who guided and helped us in all possible ways they could, at every stage of the report. My humble thanks are to Mr. Ajay singh (TRAINING MANAGER) for guiding me during research report. I would also like to thank all the Executives, distributors staff of Hindustan Coca cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd who provided us all the relevant information and their kind support, on the basis of which this report has been prepared. Lastly I would like to pay our special regards to my internal guide for their encouragement and full support for completion of this report work. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. ObjectiveofStudy . Scope of the Study 4. Market of Soft Drink in India 5. Product/Services 6. Research Methodology 7. SWOT Analysis 8. Findings 9. Suggestions 10. Limitations 11. Conclusions 12. Annexure Questionnaire 13. Biblography INTRODUCTION Modern age is full of competition. Today only way of success is your continuous efforts towards the growing market needs and in satisfying them. It i s the marketer job to know what the market speaks i. e. the ever changing needs of the customer through market research adopt them fruitfully. It is must for all the companies to make policies according to the customers and the government. Today, to succeed for any organization has to target its customer needs, to create a culture in the organization i. e. market conscious responsive to customer needs. Soft drinks constitute one of the largest food industries in the world today. Soft drinks industry has become big business in India in recent years. The soft drink business underwent major change with the entry of PEPSI and re-entry of COCA-COLA in India in the late 80s when Parley with brands like Thums up, Limca Gold spot was a clear leader. Coca-Cola took up the product line of parley in 1993-94; today both brands are the Indians favorite soft drinks. Tremendous advances have taken place in the process technology in the soft drink industries in the past two decades. SOFT DRINK MARKET IN INDIA Today India is one of the most potential markets, with population of around 900 million people, the Indian soft drinks market was only of 200 cases per year. This was very low even compared to Pakistan and Philippines. Population and potential market are two major reasons for major multinational companies of entering India. They feel that a huge population coupled with low consumption can only lead to an increase in the soft drink market. Another increase in the sale of soft drinks is the scorching heat and the climate of India, which is suitable for high sale of soft drinks. All these factors together have Today India is one of the most potential markets, with population of around 900 million people, the Indian soft drinks market was only of 200 cases per year. This was very low even compared to Pakistan and Philippines. Population and potential market are two major reasons for major multinational companies of entering India. They feel that a huge population coupled with low consumption can only lead to an increase in the soft drink market. Another increase in the sale of soft drinks is the scorching heat and the climate of India, which is suitable for high sale of soft drinks. All these factors together have contributed to a 30% growth in the soft drinks industry. If the demand continues growing at the same rate, within two years the volume could touch 1 billion cases. All these factors are the reasons for the entry two giant of the soft drink industry of the world to enter the Indian market. These two giants? Pepsi and coca-cola, themselves share 96% of the soft drink market share. Rest is shared by Cadbury? Schweppes and other soft drink brands. But was the scene same 20 years ago? The answer is no. 1970 was the year of pure soft drinks campa cola and Parle people (Thums up and Limca). The major participants involved in the production and distribution of soft drink are concentrate and syrup producers, bottlers and retail channel. Concentrate producers manufacture basic soft drink flavors and retail channel refers to business location that tells or serves the products directly to consumers. Soft drink is not a product, which a person plans to buy before hand, but is an impulse purchase. Lots of sale depends upon the strength of merchandizing done at the point of sale. It all begin in 1977, a change in government at the center led the exit of coca-cola which preferred to quit rather diluting its equity to 40% in compliance with the foreign exchange regulation act( FER A). The first national cola drink to pop up was double seven. In the meantime, pure drinks exits, switched over to campa cola. The beginning of 1980? s saw the birth of another cola drink, Thums up, Parle the gold spot people, launched it in 1978-79, as â€Å"refreshing cola†. By the mid-eighties Mc Dowell? launched thrill, and by the late eighties there was double cola, which entered in India market, as a new-run out fit with its plant in Nasik {Maharashtra}, in 1978 Parle, Indian soft drink? s market (share 33%) with its gold spot and Limca brands. Later Thums up also started. At the same time the threat to the Indian soft drinks was that of fruit drinks. In 1988, fruit drinks market was valued at Rs. 40 crore and grew at the rate20 %. Coca-cola entered Indian by buying up to69 % of the 1,800 crore soft drink market {i. e. 5 Parle export brands of Thums up, Limca, Gold spot, Citra Maaza}. Today the scene has changed making it a direct battle between two giant coca-cola and Pepsi. The picture will become clearer by looking at the India market shares in the beverage industry. One of the strongest weapons in coke armory is the flexibility it has empowered its people with. In coke every employee, may he be a manager or salesman, have an authority to take whatever steps he or she feels will make the consumers aware of the brand and increase its consumption. Thus coke believes in establishing and nurturing creditability of the salesman and making commitment to grow business in accounts. All these factors together led to a high growth in the Indian market and constantly increasing market share. COMPANY PROFILE COCA-COLA (US) Coca cola is a world leader in beverages, with revenues of about $35 billion and over 180,000 employees. The company consists of the snack business of Frito-Lay North America and the beverage and food businesses of Coca cola Beverages and Foods, which includes Coca cola Beverages North America (Cola North America and Gatorade/Tropicana North America) and Quaker Foods North America. Coca-cola International includes the coffee businesses of Frito-Lay International and beverage businesses of Coca-cola Beverages International. Coca Cola, the name and the product represent simple moments of pleasure for consumers in nearly 200 countries around the globe. Many of Coca-cola brand names are over 100-years-old, but the corporation is relatively young. Coca-cola was founded in 1923 through the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Tropicana was acquired in 1998 and PepsiCo merged with The Quaker Oats Company, including Gatorade, in 2001. Coca-cola Company–Coca-cola (formulated in 1898), Diet coke (1964). Mission of the Company: Continuously excel to achieve and maintain leadership position in the chosen businesses; and delight all stakeholders by making economic value additions in all corporate functions. Coca-Cola bottling plant opens in 1950 in New Delhi, operated by pure drinks Ltd. In 1951 Bombay plant opens, also operated by pure drinks Ltd. In 1953 and 1954 Calcutta Kanpur bottling plant opens in 1950 in New Delhi, operated by pure drinks Ltd. In 1951 Bombay plant opens, also operated by pure drinks Ltd. In 1953 and 1954 Calcutta Kanpur bottling plant opens cont. 973 was the time when 22 bottling plant operated in 13 States. In 1978 Coca-Cola withdraws Indian operations. In 1992 KO resumes business operation in India in joint venture with JMRPCO. After that KO acquires Parleys brands (Thums up, Limca, Maaza, Gold spot, Cintra, Rimzim. ) 1994-Plants open in Bombay, Calcutta and New Delhi. In 1996 Can, PET plant started in pune. 1998-First Greenfield plant opens in Ahmadabad. H INDUSTAN COCA-COLA BEVERAGE Pvt. Ltd In the network of the Coca-Cola system, Coca-Cola has either of the two bottling operation done for the company. 1. COBO (Company Owned Operated Bottling Operation). . FOBO (Franchise Owned Operated Bottling Operation). After 1993, when Coca-Cola re-enters India market, done a lot of changes in existing system of soft drink market prevailing in India, by acquiring the major brands and the bottling operations from Parle after this company founded some of its own bottling operation in India. In year 1997, company did a major investment of $700 million in India by purchasing other bottling operations, all around India and introduces new technology in them. These bottling plants are called Company Owned and Operation Bottling Operation. Company has full ownership and operational In year 1997, company did a major investment of $700 million in India by purchasing other bottling operations, all around India and introduces new technology in them. These bottling plants are called Company Owned and Operation Bottling Operation. Company has full ownership and operational right for these types of operations. The other type of bottling operation for the company are called Franchise Owned and Operated Bottling Operation, to these, the company has given the right to produce the product for the company and to supply with the territory assigned by the company. Company has no ownership or operational right/ control over these. In India Company have 26 COBO and 14 FOBO operations for the production and control of the whole operation in India. These are divided in to various zones that are given in the marketing mix section of this report. Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverage Pvt. Ltd. First established plant is Hathras in India, second largest plant is Dasna, and the largest one is in Bangalore. Hathras plant has 3 RGB filling l ines. The RGB line operates at mechanical efficiency of 90%. Company doesn? have the facility for filling Maaza (RGB and Tetra Pack) a Mango flavor drink of Coca-Cola, pet bottling and water plant. Coca-Cola buys a numbers of bottlers in India. Integration of all bottling units into one Indian Company bottler, Hindustan Coca cola Beverages Private Limited (HCCBPL) comes into its existence in 1997-1999. In July 2005HC CBP L becomes a separate bottling entity (CBO) reporting in bottling investment group (BIG), Atlanta. Today, the world’s preferred soft drink; Coca-Cola is one of the world’s, best-known and most admired trademarks, recognized by more than 90 percent of the world’s population. BUSINESS SEGMENTS The KO Group is divided into main three-business segments- Beverage, Juice Miner Water. It has a leading market position in each of its three business segments. Their balanced portfolio produced a solid business performance. Products, which look to the future, ensure that we will be well placed in growth markets. THE PRESENT POSITION OF COKE IN INDIA Indian Beverages industry’s volume is Rs. 1200 Crores and it is dominated by two player’s viz. Coke Pepsi only. This high profile industry has lot of potential for growth as per capita consumption in India is 8 bottles a year as compared to 20 bottles in Sri Lanka, 14 in Pakistan, while 12 bottles a person in Nepal. Coke is a households name and is the lips of every one. In present time every person knows the name of coca cola since India is one of biggest market and sultry summer from March to the end of October and huge population has immensely helped in the sales of coke in India and its making it more economical. Last years, the market share of Coca Cola was not specific. In this year company’s top Last years, the market share of Coca Cola was not specific. In this year company’s top management adopted new policy and decreased the rate of all brands of coke. By this decision top management determined the rate of 300 ml / 7 Rs and they made a new brand of 200 ml determine the rate of this brand 5 Rs. By which medium size family and lower level family can be enjoying coke. By this decision company’s marketing share has been increased. In present time coke is captured approximate 70% market share in cold Dinks line. Now coke has defeated all the soft drinks company. According to service and according to advertising coke has appropriate position. It has now emerged as the winner and has a good image in the market. INGREDIENTS OF SOFT DRINK: Coca-Cola uses only the finest ingredients to make their beverages. Coca cola to guarantee their consumers consistent quality, each ingredient must pass through high standards, rigorous quality control tests and strict bottling procedures. Coca-cola products contain natural flavors, including extracts of the kola nut, flavor oils derived from natural sources such as citrus and other fruits. Caramel (made from corn sugar) adds color and flavor to colas. Other ingredients add a refreshing taste: phosphoric acid in colas; citr ic acid and sodium citrate in Mazza. Coca-cola also put a freshness date on every can and bottle. Soft drinks may lose some flavor over time so freshness date tells consumers when the product is freshest and best tasting. Every can and bottle of coke products has a Nutrition Facts panel, which shows the number of every can and bottle of coke products has a Nutrition Facts panel, which shows the number of calories and other nutrients per serving. There is essentially no fat in any coke product. The main ingredients found in Coca-Cola products include carbonated water, carbohydrates, sugar, sodium, potassium and caffeine. For a complete breakdown by ingredients by product, see coca-cola product information for Thumsup, Diet Coke, Mazza, sprite, Fanta, Limca Kinley water. Ascorbic Acid Another name for Ascorbic Acid is Vitamin C. The Ascorbic Acid used in carbonated soft drinks functions as an antioxidant to protect the flavors, color, and taste. In some beverages, its also add it to Another name for Ascorbic Acid is Vitamin C. The Ascorbic Acid used in carbonated soft drinks functions as an antioxidant to protect the flavors, color, and taste. In some beverages, its also add it to provide the nutritive value found in Vitamin C. Aspartame Aspartame is a sugar substitute used in diet beverages and many other food products. Aspartame is made of the same building blocks as protein, so it is considered a nutritive sweetener, but the very small amounts used in diet drinks contribute no calories. Blue1 Blue 1 is a FDA-approved food coloring used in a variety of products such as jellies, condiments, puddings, and beverages. Brominated Vegetable Oil (BVO) Brominated vegetable oil has been used by the soft drink industry since 1931. It is a widely used food additive that has been extensively tested and approved by the U. S. Food Drug Administration. Brominated vegetable oil is derived from soybean oil that has been modified in order to keep the flavoring oils well blended. Caffeine Caffeine provides a characteristic flavor to soft drinks. Caffeine is naturally found in coffee, tea and chocolate. For comparison, an 8-oz. cup of brewed coffee can have from 85-120 mg of caffeine o n average, while an 8-oz. erving of coca-cola contains about 25 mg of caffeine. An 8-oz. cup of coffee therefore contains 3-4 times as much as caffeine found in a caffeinated colon. There is no caffeine in Caffeine Free Coke, Caffeine Free Diet Coke, Kinley, Mazza, Sprite Fanta. Caramel Caramel is a flavoring that is added to some of beverages. Citric Acid Citric Acid can be found in citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges. Citr ic acid is used to bring out the flavor of other ingredients and imparts a tang or tartness to beverages. Citric acid is not Vitamin C. The same fruits that have citric acid often have Vitamin C but the technical name for Vitamin C is ascorbic acid. High Fructose Corn Syrup High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) is a sugar derived from corn and provides sweetness and taste to beverages. HFCS has the same sweetness as table sugar (sucrose) and has almost the identical composition of fructose and glucose. Natural Flavoring Natural Flavorings are flavoring ingredients that are the essences or extracts derived from natural plant sources. Natural Flavorings are what gives a product its distinctive flavor and taste. Coca-cola products are the only products with these distinct flavor blends, which are considered part of our secret formula. The term natural flavor is defined by the food and drug administration and all of our natural flavorings meet this definition. Phosphoric Acid A small amount of phosphoric acid is added to soft drinks. However, it is greatly diluted and is fully approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration for use in soft drinks. Phosphoric acid provides tartness, essential to a well-rounded flavor. Phosphorus, like calcium, is an essential mineral in bone. It is widely distributed in the food supply, including fish, milk, meat, eggs and cereal grains. Potassium Potassium in Coca-Cola products may come from water or as part of certain ingredients. For example, potassium may be combined with benzoic acid, which helps prevent spoilage and flavor changes. Potassium is an electrolyte that helps meet the mineral needs of active people. Quillaia Quillaia Extract is a purified extract derived from the bark of the Quillaia tree. It is carefully selected based on its characteristics. It is cooked, filtered and pasteurized. It is FDA-approved, non- hazardous. Quillaia is found in some of our frozen drinks. Red 40 Red 40 is a FDA-approved food coloring used in beverages. Sodium All of our products are low sodium and contains less than 110 mg per eight-fluid-ounce serving. A number of beverages have less than 35-mg sodium per serving, so they are considered very low sodium products. Sugar Regular soft drinks and sports drinks are sweetened with sugar. There are many types of sugar available today. In soft drinks and sports drinks, the sugar is primarily high fructose corn syrup, which comes from corn. Total Carbohydrates Total carbohydrates include the sugars and any carbohydrate-like parts of ingredients, such as organic acids. Although diet drinks may have no sugar, they may contain more than half a gram of carbohydrate. Yellow5 Yellow 5 is a FDA-approved food coloring. Used since 1916, it is found in a variety of products such as skim milk, yogurt and macaroni and cheese. COMPETITIVE ARENA The soft drink market all over the world has been witnessing a neck to neck battle between the two major players, Coca-Cola and Pepsi since the very beginning. The thirst quenchers are trying hard to have the major chunk of the pie of carbonated soft drink market. Both the players are spending their energies in building capacity, infrastructure, promotional activities etc. Coca-Cola being 11 years older than Pepsi has dominated the scene in most of the soft drink markets in the world and enjoying leadership in terms of market share. But the Coca-Cola people are finding it hard to keep away Pepsi, which has been narrowing the gaps regularly The two are posing threats to each other in every nook and corner of the world. While Coca-Cola has been earning most of its bread and butter through beverage sales, Pepsi has a multi products portfolio with some portion from the same business. The two warriors are face to face once again here in India with different strategies and tactics to attack the rival. Coca-cola is focusing upon the joint ventures with the existing bottlers {FOBO } franchise owned bottling operations to enhance its control on manufacturing and marketing of its products range and attain the quality standards of its class. Countering it Pepsi has taken the battle in its own hands by floating as investment of $ 95 billion to set Pepsi Company. India holdings, as subsidiary for { CO BO } company owned bottling operations. Both the companies are following different path to reach the same destiny i. e. to fetch the bigger portion of aerated soft drink market. Both consider India a huge potential market, as per capita consumption here is a mere 3 serving annually against the world average of 80. Therefore, they are putting in their best efforts to woo the Indian consumer who has to work for 1. 5 hours to buy a bottle of soft drink. In comparison to the international norms minutes, a major hurdle to cross over for both the athletes for getting no. position comparison to the inter. Coca-cola is well set with its 53 bottling sites throughout the country giving it an edge over competition by processing a well-built bottling and distribution set- up. On the other hand, Pepsi, with two more years in India, has been able to set an image of a winner in India and has been able to get the pulse of the India soft drink market. The soft d rink giants are leaving on stone unturned and her for the long terms. Coca-cola has been penetrating the market through its wide product range with a determination to change consumption pattern of soft drink in India. Firstly, they upgraded the whole industry by introduction 300 ml bottles, which in turn had given the industry a booming growth of 20% as compared to the earlier 5%. They want to develop a coca culture here and are working on a strategy to offer soft Coca-cola has been penetrating the market through its wide product range with a determination to change consumption pattern of soft drink in India. Firstly, they upgraded the whole industry by introduction 300 ml bottles, which in turn had given the industry a booming growth of 20% as compared to the earlier 5%. They want to develop a coca culture here and are working on a strategy to offer soft drink in every possible package. In coca-cola camp, the idea of competition has not come from Pepsi, but from the other beverages such as tea, coffee, Nimbu-Pani, water etc. Pepsi is quite aggressive in its approach to Indian consumer. They are desperately working on the strategy to be winners in the hot cola war between two big barons. According to Pepsi philosophy, it’s the madness that encourages executive to think, to conjure up those creative tactics to knock the fizz out their competition. Pepsi had plumbed a large on the visibility of its blue red and white logo. They have been going with aggressive marketing by putting Amir Khan, Akshay Kumar in their advertisement to endorse their brand, the role models for its targeted consumer the teenagers. They have increased the fizz in the market place by introducing the dispensers called fountain Pepsi and have been enjoying a lead over its rival there. Coca-cola on the other hand, has been working on the saying slow and steady wins the race’s side by retailing to every more of its competitor. They have procured the shield of Thums up with a handsome market share in Indian soft drink market. Countering Pepsi’s international commercial that used two chimpanzees to cock a snoop at coke, Thums up come with the ad line, â€Å"don’t be Bandar, taste the thunder†. Also Thums up has been positioned now very near to that young image of Pepsi and giving it a though time. These cool merchants have put everything on fire. It coke got the status of the official drink of wills. World cup, Pepsi blushed as nothing official about it. As Thums up projected as saaree jahan se achcha Pepsi was passionate enough with „freedom to be? nd now the â€Å"yeh dil mange more† when Thums up came with thunder blast, the other offered „Pepsi stuff card?. If red is meant for coke, Pepsi has chosen to be blue. COKE’S MARKETING STRATEGIES Coke decides on its marketing strategies at a national level and lends them a local flavor,for example, while festival mo od plays a strong role in marketing, it is activated for Durga Puja in Calcutta;Dandiya in Gujarat, etc Coke has its focus on the youth market in India. As a first step toward catching the attention of the youth, coke signed on crickethe r o? s Yuvraj Singh. It slowly started talking about youth passions like cricket, films, festivals and food. Soon the advertisements started giving the message, â€Å"Eat Cricket, Sleep Cricket, Drink only Coca-Cola† And now it has started modifying film hits to frame catch lines that appeal to the youth. This particular strategy has worked well for coke. Coke is focused on distribution to ensure that its products are within customer’s reach. Andit saves its focus has begun to pay it dividends. As per mid-1998 figures coke is selling as many bottles in the hinterland of Punjab as it does the four metros THE FUTURE OF COCA COLA While doing business overseas offers coke wonderful growth opportunities it also has its own disadvantages. The economic slowdown in various overseas markets and the strong dollar had their impact on coca-cola revenues and bottom line in 1998. But the company is optimistic about the future. M Douglas Investor, the Chief Executive Officer of the Coca-Cola Company says, â€Å"This past year 2006 has been a challenging period for the Coca-Cola Company as economic environment became more uncertain in the later part of 2006, and we strongly believe that our fundamental opportunities for long term growth have not changed†. As long as maximization of share holder wealth remain Coke? s focus for its future is assured Goizueta had stated and proven to the world that focus on shareholder wealth does more good to the company than focus on revenues and it is As long as maximization of share holder wealth remain Coke? s focus for its future is assured Goizueta had stated and proven to the world that focus on shareholder wealth does more good to the company than focus on revenues and it is not that coke does not enjoy volumes for it is world? s No. 1 soft drink manufacture. It is not content with this title and is aiming at higher volumes year after year. Surely coke will continue to grow. Point on Roberto had reduced the company basically to its trademark and the returns are so astronomical as to be off the boards. It just absolutely added a jet engine to their performance COCA COLA GLOBALIZATION STRATEGIES The coca-cola company is global player and approximately 70 % of its volume and 80 % of its profit come from outside the United States of America. Although it was perceived as a standardized brand across the world, coca-cola had been quietly fine turning its international marketing strategies to suit the needs of individual national markets. Only the brand coca-cola, Sprite and Fanta were marketed globally. In Latin America and Europe, where heavy consumer? s preferred existed for lemon lime and orange soda. Coke had developed a wide range of formulations and flavors to cater the needs of different countries. In ei Salvador and Venezuela, a version of Fanta called Fanta kolita a cream soda type of drink became extremely popular. Similarly, in Indonesia coke had been selling pineapple and banana Limca, Maaza and Thums up in 1993. A 100 YEARS OF THE CURVY GLASS BOTTLE OF COCA COLA Coca-Cola Company marks a mile stone on Wednesday, 24th March 1899 Chattanooga; Tenn. where its first bottling plant was started 100 year ago by two men struck one of the most lucrative business deals in US history Joseph whitehead and Benjamin Thomas offered coca-cola company owner Asia Candler a dollar for the right to bottle soft drinks in 1899. Today 1 billion soft drinks are sold each day in more than 200 countries around the world. Candler had purchase what would become the cola company for $2,300 eight years earlier from john Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist who astonished the world. Candler though the bottling venture would never succeed, but he signed the contract with white head and Thomas any way, â€Å"and the rest is history†, bob Lovell, vice president of marketing for coca-cola bottling company. United inc. , said in telephone interview from Chattanooga. COKE’S BOTTLING STRATEGIES In the soft drink business the bottlers are responsible significant extent for ensuring the availability of the products. Bottlers are supplied with concentrate to which they add aerated water and ingredients before packing and sealing either cans or bottles. Bottlers play a strategic role in the success of soft drinks companies and this was not far from Goizueta? s mind. In 1986 the company merged some of its company owned bottling operations with two large ownership groups that had been put up for sale. All these bottling activities were combined to form its own subsidiary Coca-Cola Enterprises (CCE) to handle bottling operations. The Coca- Cola Company took 49 percent equity stake in Coca-Cola Enterprises enabling it to retain its own balance sheet. PROMOTION: THE COCA-COLA WAY Goal â€Å"To Have Coke Available within an Arm’s reached of Desire†. Consumer activity clusters:- Grocery shopping Other shopping services Eating and drinking Entertainment / Recreation / Leisure Travel / Transportation / Hospitality Educational At Work The 3A’s:- The strategy for reaching increasing numbers of consumers in India is based on the belief that consumers will buy our products it they are Available, Affordable and Acceptable. Strategies for the 3A’s Focus on the consumer and customer. To provide quality customer services, and caring about the quality of performance in respective jobs caring enough about what we do, to it the best we know how. The 3A? is Coca-Cola underlying strategy for meeting its goal to reach increasing numbers of consumer’s. How does coke position its limited resources to help meet its good? Let us explore the specific ways in which the Coca-Cola system addresses each of the 3 A’s :- Availability Some of the ways in which the Coca-Cola Company hopes to increase availability of its product i nclude improved or innovative packaging, dispensing systems, distributions system, and marketing. Affordability The ways to address affordability include pricing decisions, as well as resource management to make its product available at a price affordable to the consumer. Continually processes more efficient and therefore more cost-effective. Acceptability Making coca-cola brand products the beverage choice for any occasions depends on a variety of strategies to reach the target audience. The common strategies adapted to effect acceptability were though sponsorships, promotion youth market activities, community programs, and other activates. DISTRIBUTION IN THE COCA-COLA SYSTEM Getting Products to Market One of the values of the coca-cola system is presence that coca-cola should exist everywhere. To fulfill this goal, coca-cola not only produces products, but also has an effective system to distribute them all over India Distribution Distribution Sales + Delivery + Merchandising + Local Account Management. Distribution of Coke’s products includes the activities of sales, delivery merchandizing and local accounts management. These are two major types of distribution systems:- Direct and Indirect In direct distribution, the bottler partner direct control over the activities of sales, delivery, merchandizing and local account management. In indirect distribution, an organization which is not a part of the coca-cola system has control of one or more of the distribution elements (sales, merchandizing and local accounts managements). With direct distribution there are two types of sales:- Advanced sales and conventional sales. In conventional sales, all the distribution activities (Sales, Delivery, Merchandizing and Local Accounts Management) are performed by the same persons. In advanced sales, sales and delivery are performed by different people within the coca-cola system. Difference between customer and consumer. A consumer is someone who drinks coca-cola products. A customer is a business location which sells or serves coca-cola products to consumers. Merchandizing One the products are delivered to the customer’s they are promoted at the point-of-purchase to maximize the company’s sales opportunities, merchandizing involves looking at the presentation of the products through the eyes of the consumers. It is an on-going process that help the company present its products properly to the consumers in the market place for instance, is the display attractive? Are the product neatly organized. Presenting the Products Coca-cola presents its products for sale in four different ways. They are as follows:- Secondary display Coolers Vending machines Post mix / pre mix OBJECTIVE OF STUDY The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of the scientific procedures. The main aim is to find out the truth which is hidden and which is not been discovered yet. our main objective is to find out the solution of those problems which are the main barriers in the promotion of Coca-cola in rural market. To find out the problems faced by the channels of distribution. To find out the quality of the products in the market. To find out the response time to resolve quality of the products in the market. To find out the clarity of communication execution support from the company on trade/consumer related promos. To find out the levels of satisfaction among the retailers towards SGA. To find out availability of Coke Pepsi in the outlets. To find out the support from the company for enhancing brand image through POP POS materials. in order to find out market share of coca cola with their competitors also find out the issue related with the retailers w. . t the KO company. A questionnaire is to be prepared in order to get the frequency of issues related with the retailers For this I have to doretailer survey (in aliganj indiranagar gomti naga lucknow barabanki kanpur) GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTING QUESTIONNAIRE / SCHEDULE The researcher must pay attention to the following points in constructing an appropriate and effective questionnaire or a schedule: (1)The researcher must keep in view the problem he is to study for it provides the starting point for developing the Questionnaire/Schedule. He must be clear about the various aspects of his research problem to be dealt with in the course of his research project. (2)Appropriate from of questions depends on the nature of information sought, the sampled respondents and the kind of analysis intended. The researcher must decide whether to use closed or open-ended questions. Questions should be simple and must be constructed with a view to their forming a logical part of a well thought out tabulation plan. The units of enumeration should also be defined precisely so tha t they can ensure accurate and full information. 3)Rough draft of the Questionnaire / Schedule is prepared, giving due thought to the appropriate sequence of putting questions. Questionnaire or schedules pervasively drafted (if available) may as well be looked into at this stage. (4)Researcher must invariably re-examine, and in case of need may revise the rough draft for a better one. Technical defects must be minutely scrutinized and removed. (5)Pilot study sh ould be undertaken for pre-testing the questionnaire. The questionnaire may be edited in the light of the results of the pilot study. 6)Questionnaire must contain simple but straight forward directions for the respondents so that they may not feel any difficulty in answering the questions. RESARCH METHODOLOGY Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. One can also define research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on specific topic. In fact research is an art of scientific topic. Some people consider research as a movement, a movement from the known to unknown. Research is an academic activity and as such the term should be used in a technical sense. esearch comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating data making deduction and reaching conclusion; and at last care fully testing the conclusion to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis . s ocial science define the research as the manipulation of things, concepts or symbol s for purpose of generalization to extend ,correct or verify the knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art. Research is thus an original contribution to existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement. The systematic approach concerning generalization and the formulation of the theory is also research. DEVELOPING RESARCH PLAN After deciding the objective of marketing research the next step is deciding research plan for gathering effective information related to this research project. The research consists of following steps, which are discussed subsequently. RESEARCH DESIGN Descriptive Research: In my market survey descriptive research process was carried out to describe the market characteristics, co Data Source: During project study I use both primary as well as secondary data source. For primary data collection I visited various retailers in Noida for secondary data I went through Books, Journals Internet. The information collected is relevant, correct unbiased. Research Design: I followed survey technique for collecting the data in market survey research approach. Here, I carried out information from retailers have carefully selected the instrument methods of surveying like I have chosen personal contact methods because of higher response rate meaningful responses this helped me to get the general feedback in coke, etc. Research Instrument:The research instrument used was RSS form. In which market information detail of each outlet should be filled in RSS form. For this I have visited selected outlet of lucknow/Kanpur/barabanki check all the brands packs of Coke Pepsi which are available or not or which one is available in comparison with Pepsi filled it in RSS forms. In my research process I have used closed ended open-ended questionnaire where respondents could answer in their own manner. Through this I was able to extract information from the respondents about Coke’s products detail of each outlet should be filled in RSS form. For this I have visited selected outlet of Lucknow/Kanpur/barabanki check all the brands packs of Coke Pepsi which are available or not or which one is available in comparison with Pepsi filled it in RSS forms. In my research process I have used closed ended open-ended questionnaire where respondents could answer in their own manner. Through this I was able to extract information from the respondents about Coke’s products the competitors. I marked its response as1 or2 which implies as Not satisfied or satisfied. If it satisfies me than its fine but if it? s not satisfying me than find out the issue due to which it comes into act. Sampling Plan: In designing the sampling plan following points were considered: ? Sampling Unit: It includes who is to be a surveyed retailer of lucknow Kanpur.. ? Sampling Size: I have surveyed about selected outlet of the area specified to me so size would reach up to 100 retailers. Contact Method: In my research process, I have collected information through personal interview process with the help of RSS Form. Form given by the company because it is the most reliable accurate method for collecting primary data. Through this, the analysis of body language facial expressions can be made. Methods of data interpretation: In this market study I have used pie chart for data analysis interpretation because pie chart is the easiest comprehensive medium for presentation of data ANALYSIS MARKET SHARE OF COCA COLA VS PEPSI IN THE MARKET In present situation of coca cola is very good in the market. The company has good market share approx. 67 % and remains 33 % market share covered by his close competitor Pepsi in this area. Last years situation was not that. Last years market share of coca cola and Pepsi was app. same in the market but in this year company adopted new strategy and provided good service and provide more and more customer satisfaction company top management have taken a good decision in this year. ANALYSIS MARKET SHARE OF COCA COLA VS PEPSI IN THE MARKET In present situation of coca cola is very good in the market. The company has good market share approx. 67 % and remains 33 % market share covered by his close competitor Pepsi in this area. Last years situation was not that. Last years market share of coca cola and Pepsi was app. same in the market but in this year company adopted new strategy and provided good service and provide more and more customer satisfaction company top management have taken a good decision in this year. Decision was that the flavor? entire rate should be decreased by which lower level people can be enjoying coke and the company provided a new flavor of 200 ml in the birth rupees of 5. This brand have got good position in middle level and lower level family so by the virtue of good strategy company have got good market share approx. 67 % right now coke position is much more stronger than Pepsi. Channel of Distribution Company Manufacturing goods Distr ibutors Dealer Company Vehicle Retailer Retailer Consumer Consumer Product Variation in the Market A. Coke B. Pepsi Coca cola Thumsup Orange(Fanta) Orange (Miranda Fanta orange Fanta green apple Fanta water melon Clearlemon Clearlemon (Sprite) (7up) Cloudy lemon CloudyLemon (Limca) (LemonMiranda) Fruit(Maaza) FRUIT(Slice) Maaza orange Maaza lemon Maaza pineapple Soda (Kinley) Soda(LeharEvervess) Mineral water kinley Mineral water aquafina COMPETITIVE MARKET SHARE BETWEEN COCA COLA / PEPSI Cola Orange Pepsi = 45% Mirinda Pepsi=75% Coke = 35% Fanta Coke=25% Thums up = 20% Cloudy lemon Clear Lemon Limca = 80% Sprite = 75% Lemon Mirinda = 20% 7UP = 25% ANALYSIS OF RSS FORM 1. Timely Supply of Finished Goods 2. Quality of Product We Supply ELEMENTS OF THE TRADE JO DIKHTA HAI WHO BIKTA HAI:-This is a company slogan, it is to increase the visibility of the product, the company stresses more on increasing the number of outlets than on the volumes of sales. That is the reason of the company providing visibility courses to the shopkeepers. A BOTTLE THAT IS CHILLED IS SOLD:-In the industry it is considered that a bottle is chilled or putting in cooling compartment is sold. That is the reason the policy providing triage? s come up because according to the contract the shopkeeper has to keep only only Coca-cola’s products in the visicooler. A BOTTLE LOSS TO COKE IS A GAIN TO PEPSI:- The competition is so strong between the two companies i. e. fighting is on for each bottle that is to be sold in the market. Competitive bidding goes on for each every prestigious outlet in their region. Monopolizing entries fast foods joints is their first priority. EMPTY kA HI KHEL HAI: [Empty plays an important role]:-As discussed earlier the distribution points keeps on putting up distribution schemes for retailers i. e. like two bottles of solution free with the purchase of every one carat of solution. Now these schemes have timed well keeping minding the environmental conditions schemes provided by the other company. These schemes are of twenty-four hours duration. If a scheme is launched there is no empty in the market for refill, the whole effort goes in vain that is the reason why we said empty ka hi khel hai. DISTRIBUTION STRATEGIES A Company can choose any of the following distribution types: Exclusive Distribution Selective Distribution Intensive Distribution â€Å"Coca-Cola† Has Adopted The Intensive Distribution Strategy. INTENSIVE DISTRIBUTION: A Strategy of intensive distribution is characterized by placing the goods or services in as many outlets as possible. When the consumer requires a great deal of location convenience, it is important to offer greater intensity of Distribution. This strategy is generally used for convenience items such as Tobacco, gasoline, and soap, snack foods bublegum. Manufactures are constantly tempted to move from exclusive or selective distribution to more intensive distribution to increase their coverage and sales and you could find Coke in nursing homes, confectionery shops, departmental stores; you name it Coke is available there. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL REDIFINED Coke has redefined distribution to strengthen their competitive advantage in the emerging consumer and market scenario. Their earlier focus was to drive wide availability and enable easy access to their brands for consumers. Now they seek to go well beyond this distribution paradigm. Their new approach is more holistic touching consumers in multiple ways at the point of purchase and more importantly, creating opportunities for customers to receive brand message and experience our brands. They are proactively addressing these emerging trends by approaching distribution and channels in a much broader way. They are shifting emphasis from mere reach or availability expansion to touching consumers with a 3- way convergence- of product availability, brand communication and higher level of brand experience. They are thus going beyond delivering products and creating greater engagement and interaction around the purchasing experience. Coke’s reinvention of distribution is built on an understanding of emerging consumer trends, the retail environment and the growth drivers of our brands. Coke? s distribution system is a key external resource. Normally it has taken years to build and cannot be easily changed. It ranks in importance with key internal resources such as manufacturing, research, engineering and field sales personals. It represents significant corporate commitment to set policies and practices that constitute the basic fabric on which is woven an extensive set of long run relationship. Global Strategies Adopted By Which Coca-Cola Becomes No. 1 Drink Today Coke policy of listening closely to its salesman. Coke reacts immediately to suggestions. Coke is providing financial support to the week bottles in the form of interest free loans to upgrade their operation. Coke selling marketing effort has become cola centric. Apart from the capitalcost of the plant and equipment, the bottler has to invest in bottles,carat, trucks and the cooling structure (Visi cooler, icebox) at the retail point. To plan the proper utilization of manpower. To identify the activities where we can save time. Emphasis should be given on quality value and satisfaction. Customer retention is essential. More emphasis on direct and on line marketing Analysis of Data As we go along in the market there was mix reaction in terms of market share of Coke. In some area the Pepsi was doing better than its competitors and in some other area it was other way around there was some brands of Coke which were exceptionally doing well like Thums up which was far ahead of its competitor namely Dew which was brand of Pepsi and in some outlets people were only having Thumsup which give other brands run for their money. As in the case of other brands of Coke like Mazza which is a Non carbonated drink was good in demand practically in all areas. There are some analyses made during the process: ?Soft drink business? behavior is not governed by brand loyalty so the availability of the right brand, at the right place, at the right time is the key for winning consumer in soft drink business. which sell only Coke brands and 85%mixed in the soft drinks market in Noida/Ghaziabad and some of its brands like Sprite and Limca were performing above standards. ?The present distribution system of Coke is the best in the entire FMCG industry in Noida/Ghaziabad. The enhancement in the distribution network would definitely increase the market share of Coke. The retailers played a very critical role in the increment in the sal es volume of the product and they had to be kept satisfied in order to increase the market share by offering better schemes, discounts, display materials such as VISI? s, racks, counter, signage, wall paintings and better amount for purchase of shelf space for display. ? The existence of sub-dealers and super stockiest are also the major area of problem, as they do not movethe schemes and other display materials and incentives information to the retailers, which is one of the reasons for the dissatisfaction of retailers. The cut throat competition between COKE and PEPSI had lead to the never ending cola war and pricewar which has brought down the profit margins which is one of the major grievances apart from the common complains pertaining to schemes, incentives and display materials. Another critical issue was the presence of duplicate products of Coke in the market. The details of these outlets have been surrendered to the company for action against these outlets. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH Beverage is a well-established industry, so it has a good reputation in the market. Advertising of soft drinks is much more aggressive in market. Backed by huge promotion at national international level. Lot of SGA? s provided in the market. Coke is attracting new generation segment due to availability of fountains especially in Noida; there is no fountain machine of Pepsi available whereas Coke has many. WEAKNESS Non-fulfillment of commitments on time, made to shopkeepers/retailers. Unavailability of various demanded flavors like Thums up Mazza during peak season. Not proper control over distribution network. Decrease in consumption due to cold. OPPURTUNITY May tie up or liaison with major showrooms, computer centers restaurant. Huge publicity of Lemon Limca has created a lot of demand. Company has brand equity in the eyes of customers, so its new products can easily penetrates in the market. Untapped market. THREAT Threat of competitors new brand entry in the market in near future. Restrictions made by Govt. agencies that soft drinks are harmful non-nutritive. Natural juice are now available whose price are less or same as soft drinks FINDINGS After visiting nearly 100 outlets I have found there are there are some common problems of retailers, which are: 1. The problem is of non-availability of some tasty flavors in market during peak season. 2. Every retailer wants that vehicle should come in the morning so that they will keep the bottles in the fridge as soon as possible. 3. One of the major problems is that most of the chilling equipment is not in good working conditions. Retailers have complained many times but no response is being taken. 4. Majority of retailers is asking about Boards, Openers Counters. 5. Delay in replacement of burst bottles. 6. Sampling due. 7. Some shopkeepers do not get scheme on time. 8. Some shopkeepers require signage. 9. It was found that at some outlets, Coke? s SGA is filled with the competitor product. 10. All the retailers appraised the regular supply of the company? s products. 11. Also at some places Coke? s signage is still hanging in spite of no transactions with those SUGGESTIONS Coca Cola, the choice of Generation next is providing the first choice of young generation. A young generation wants something strong in cold drinks thus prefers Thums up. Company should appoint competent honest salesman so that they could provide schemes to the entire retailer? cover their full route. It is often seen that some salesman do not intimate schemes to the retailer few of the retailers complained about it. So there should be frequent visits of Customer Executives to their respective areas to keep the shopkeepers benefited with various schemes. Delay in starting of supply vans from respective depot should be checked a proper time register should be maintained. Mos t of the retailers are complaining about non-fulfillment of commitments regarding they are satisfied. Most of the etailers are complaining about delay no replacement of burst bottles. Marketing Management should sort some solutions to this major problem of replacing burst bottles. Half filled bottles should also be checked at the time of issue of goods from the distributor? s godown to the respective routes. Company should try to give some credit facility to the distributors so that they get motivated. Credit facility for retailers should be provided. Proper feedback system should be developed by ensuring regular visits check randomly at the various outlets. LIMITATIONS Findings are based on the views expressed by the retailers. So it may suffer from biased prejudices. Weather conditions were not favorable. Some of the respondents were not co-operative many seem to be having no Interest. The study has not been intended on a very large scale, have the possibility of errors, which cannot be ruled out .Time limitations. Area was specified. It is extremely difficult to persuade retailer to respond to questionnaire. The retailer knows us as people from Coke there by the responses could have been biased CONCLUSION 1. After visiting nearly 100 outlets I found that Coke its Brands is doing a good job in Lko/kanpur It is clrear that Coke (67%) is leading Pepsi (33%) in the soft drink market in UP region. If we compare it with Signage or display material than Pepsi has an edge over coke. 2. At this time it is solely depends on the retailer which brand he offers to the consumer. Although the company has been unable to satisfy the retailers. The company must take immediate steps in order to resolve its disputes with these retailers. 3. During this study I found that there is very less issue related with the quality of the product. Most of the issue is arises with the SGA It was also found that the schemes that are brought up in the market by Coke Pepsi after every couple of day is not making any net effect on the sale of Cola, whereas one is cannibalizing others market only. 5. It was also seen that Coke brand is better sold than Pepsi. It is Thumsup, which is making the major difference in the market. 6. The sale in age wise section, it was found that 200ml is sold in all the age groups with same frequency but 300ml is sold mostly in 16 to 45yr. of age group where as CAN is sold in younger generation only. QUESTIONAIRE RED SCORING SHEET RSS FORM Surveyors Name: __________ Outlet Name: ______________ Address: _________________ Channel: ________________ Category (D/G/S): ________________ Class (H/M/L): ___________________________ | | | | | | | | | | KANPUR S. NO. | | POINTS| POINTS| POINTS| VISICOOLER1. Is a coca-cola cooler present? Visicooler/chest cooler. 2. Is the cooler as per standard? 3. Is the vesi cooler in the prime position? 4. Is the visicooler in a working condition? Not working/unclean5. Is the visicooler light working? 6. Is the cooler 100% pure? . Is the cooler brand-order compliant? TOTALAVAILABILITY9. 300 ML (COLA+3)10. Mobile PET (COLA+3)11. Maaza RGB12. CAN (COLA+1)13. MAAZA PET 600ML 1. 2 LTR. 14. 1. 5 LTR. PET (COLA+3)TOTALACTIVATIONE D15. COMBO BRANDS ( AT LEAST 3)16. TENT CARD(MIN 5 OR PRESENT ONALL TABLES17. FLANGE ROAD STANDEE OR GLOWSIGN BOARDGROCERY18. DISPLAY RACK WITH HEADER19. IS THE RACK PURE AND CHARGED20. SHELF DISPLAYCONVENIENCE21. TABLE TOP DISPLAY22 . DPS BOARD, GLOW SIGN ORFLANGE| REMARKS| DELIVERY| CONVENIENCE| GROCERY| GRAND TOTAL SIGNATURE OF SURVEYOR

Formalistic Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants Essay Example

Formalistic Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants Essay In an analysis of the story â€Å"Hills like white elephants† by Ernest Hemmingway, one is forced to take a deep look at the hidden meanings embedded in the story. Considering the point of view, the significance of the location and its relevance to the story, the structure of the text, the symbolic meaning of the two landscapes and the title of the story, the entrails of the story are exposed. Hemmingway’s story is written in an objective or dramatic point of view. The story is told primarily through dialogue. The narrator has emotionally distanced himself from the characters, and the true feelings and opinions of the characters are revealed in little clues as the story progresses. The narrator acts solely as a reporter of the chain of events as they occur. No personal inflection is implied. This allows the reader to formulate their own conclusions. Also I believe at the time, the topic of abortion may still have been taboo and sensitive, and this was Hemmingway’s clever device of dealing with a societal issue in a nontraditional way. The structure of the text primarily takes the form of a dialogue. We will write a custom essay sample on Formalistic Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Formalistic Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Formalistic Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is in stark contrast with the characters inability to communicate effectively. The man has his own agenda planned and tries forcefully to convince Jig of accepting his way of dealing with the conflict. Jig is trying to access the situation by asking the man if they will be alright as a couple after the abortion, â€Å"everything will be fine,† and end up answering her own question, â€Å"I’ll do it and everything will be fine. † Due to his lack of desire to go through with any other plan than his own, he forces her to deny her own desires and she find her present situation to be unsure at best. The man however has made up his mind and is determined to make up her mind for her as well, but he uses subtlety, â€Å"I dont want you to do it if you dont really want to. † He then contradicts himself and betrays his true feelings when he says, â€Å"But youve got to realize they are both speaking but not really communication their true desires. Jig is really against the whole situation and denies it within herself. She says, Everything tastes of licorice. (Sweet)†¦all the things youve waited so long for, like absinthe (bitter), the combination is bittersweet. A deeper reading leads to a new understanding of the symbolic meaning of the two landscape descriptions. They were in stark contrast to each other. One side was barren and arid, the other green and fertile. â€Å"The valley of the Ebro was long and white there was no shade and no trees†¦ On the other side, â€Å"were fields of grain and trees. † These opposing landscapes symbolize the contrasting options available to the couple. The dry side of the valley represented the choice to abort the unborn child and continue with an empty life filled shallow experiences, â€Å"(looking) at things and (trying) new drinks. The fertile side of the valley represents the life the woman desires, one filled with family and meaningful moments. The story then shifts to the station which was between two lines of rails† this represented the two opposite directions in which they could have traveled, and the choice that lay in each direction, Madrid being the place of abortion, and the continuity of the ‘empty’ life they were used to together, or toward Barcelona, a new start, a new beginning, with a new life. So railroad station represented a crossroads or junction at which they had to cross. The title of the story was simile. The title â€Å"hills like white elephants† also represented the choice that the couple had to make. A white elephant is symbolic of an unwanted item that may be costly or burdensome to maintain. This would have aptly described the view of the man concerning the unborn child. To him it would have been unwanted and a burden considering their flighty lifestyle. It would cramp the constant traveling as indicated by the multiplicity of stickers on the luggage. Some believe that in other cultures, a white elephant can also be viewed as something rare and something to be cherished. This interpretation would be more representative of Jig’s perspective, as she longed and desired to become a mother and start a family. After reviewing the point of view, the significance of the location and its relevance to the story, the structure of the text, the symbolic meaning of the two landscapes and the title of the story, the true and deeper meaning of the store has been made plain, and what was once a simple narrative story has now become an in-depth revelation of human conflicts and the often difficult decisions that lay before us.

Analysis Of Recipe For Murder Essay Example

Analysis Of Recipe For Murder Essay Example Analysis Of Recipe For Murder Paper Analysis Of Recipe For Murder Paper So, the title says that the story may be connected with murder of someone step by step. The text presents a blend of detective story with elements of a story of characters. The text embraces two themes: 1) investigation of murder; 2) relationship between men and women. The text touches upon eternal concepts Of collisions between characters, men-women relations. Compositionally the text falls into three logical parts. The scene is laid in the middle of the 20th century (deceased January 1939 and deceased May 1946). The writer sets the action in France, because: 1) name of the characters ( Madame Callahan, Lucrative and so on); 2) name of the dishes (French cuisine); ) the name of the town ( Avalanche); 4) the phrase of main character: Murderess I may be, Inspector, but also a French woman; As said I am from Paris. The general atmosphere is breathtaking. After a chain of actions everything clarifies and the general atmosphere changes to promising and gripping. There are TV0 main characters: Inspector Minor and Madam Callahan And two main characters: husbands of Madam Callahan M. Wiser and M. Callahan. Inspector Minor pays a visit to Madame Callahan, a beautiful and alluring forty-year-old woman, who is suspected of murdering her two husbands. The inspector interviews Madame Callahan in the hopes of understanding how a woman who does not seem like a murderess could have killed her husbands without leaving a trace on their bodies. The climax lies in the silence between main characters when Madame Callahan finished to confess to murder of her husbands by cooking. We dont know how Inspector Minor will react to her confession. He will bring her to police station or he understands why she did it. Its followed by the denouement when inspector invites Madam Callahan to the casino. To the casino, Madame Callahan. For champagne and music. We shall talk some more. The ending is half-opened and needless to say, the writer gained by ending the story where he does. The story is narrated from the third person. The story is filtered and reflected through the prism of his mind and eye, we can easily trace where his sympathy lies with the help of his interpretation suggest and judges. The text brims with the idea that womens charm and sophisticated mind can easily win over mens conceit and arrogance. This story presents the idea that women plays on mens vice and greediness so well that most man even couldnt notice that. Madame Callahan As the story goes it is broken by some description. I found the most convincing and detailed description of Madam Salons appearance. Her appearance is a clue to her character. Inspector Minor compares her with the Roman goddess of wisdom( A Minerva of a woman, he told himself instantly). The author uses antinomian to show common things between these two women: sharp and shrewd mind in combination with astonishing beauty. Moreover, the author resorts to bright epithets (liquid eyes, full lips, soft profile, the grand line of her bosom.. ) and similes ( Eyes were but a hade lighter than the cobalt blue of the Med-iterance.. ,. Air brought him the scent of her. Or was it the scent of the garden, )to create an image of soft and ageless women.

Mass Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mass Media - Research Paper Example The reach of mass media is so vast that the Internet users who were 40 million in population in 1995 increased their numbers to above 800 million in the year, 2005 (Brym and Lie, 2006, pp.108). From a peripheral view, it can be seen that mass communication, is a one way process but mass media theorists have after deeper introspection, put forward different view points as well, regarding the nature of mass communication. Some theories focus on the top down dissemination of information. Some present mass communication scenario in a totally different light where social conflicts are reinforced and some others stresses the mutuality involved in a mass communication process with the producer and consumer on both ends. Reception of messages, the process of decoding them, giving feedback, and behavioral changes associated with this whole affair have to be taken into consideration while studying mass media. While looking into the various aspects of the social theories and their impact on the mass media as well as on the society as a whole, it can be inferred that only the three major sociology theories (functionalism, conflict, interactionism) in combination can address the complexities involved with the social institution, mass media. ... ion, social control (and) entertainment† which are the pillars on which a particular order of the society can stay firm (Brym and Lie, 2006, p.546). The four basic premises of this theory are that a) social structures and patterns mould or influence human behavior, b) a particular social structure can develop or destroy the total social stability, c) such social structures are built based on shared concepts and values, and d) it is only a matter of regaining equilibrium so that the society remains stable and peaceful (Brym and Lie, 2006, pp.13). This theory has great scope in assessing the impact of mass media in society, which can be considered as a social structure capable of maintaining and destroying social stability. The information or message that is handed over to the consumer through mass media is viewed here as having a unifying function at conceptual levels of the society. An idea is disseminated, it is discussed, and a consensual position created in the society, whic h is an outcome of shared values. Similarly, each and every individual who cater to the information disseminated by mass media, is actually going through a socialization process, which enables him/her to function in a society in an acceptable manner. It is the learning process of accepted social behavior that occurs in the mass media space. Before the emergence of mass media, the young people had to depend solely on their family, community and school for socialization but after mass media came into being, it has become the most important socializing space and tool. This is why it is observed that the youth has an inherent tendency to create and maintain their identities by processing the cultural messages that they get from the media, i.e.; they tend to imitate the outward looks as well as

Revenue Cycle Improvement in Healthcare Case Study

Revenue Cycle Improvement in Healthcare - Case Study Example Therefore, this manual is a guide that gives an alternative approach to the management of revenue cycle components. The manual includes the best strategies for managing patients at five stages in the hospitals. For instance, the guide will consider best practices for patient access, charge capture, utilization review, and billing and payment accuracy. This approach puts the patient at the focal point of the process of revenue collection (RHIP 2014). The approach also encourages the hospital staff concerned with the process to build better approaches with the patients. The third element of the approach is an established communication with the patients either in written or orally. The creation of a positive experience for patients within the revenue cycle forms a critical step towards the success of the program. As such, the hospitals should train their staff to meet the customer satisfaction points. For example, the workers should answer questions related to the healthcare marketplace. They should also articulate coverage options and discuss the options available for payments. Lastly, the hospital staff should know when or when not to escalate. Therefore, the hospitals should adopt methods that will make the customer aware of all the billing processes at the hospital. The existence of a centralized system gives the patients a one-stop chance for a single contact centre. It also minimizes the possibilities for errors and missing data. There is an understanding that deficiencies in data systems could result in backlogs clear a patient’s financial records. Best practice hospitals should engage in a number of methods that will realize the efficiency of the revenue cycle. First, the hospitals should have a centralized scheduling for receiving patients. Such a step will help the hospitals to have a precise projection of the types of patients that they receive and the details of their payment abilities.  

The philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke Assignment

The philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke - Assignment Example As a result, formation of a government with total power is necessary for men to coexist peacefully. Such a government is formed by people who transfer their liberty for safety. People obey the laws formed by the government, which stands between them and their state of chaos, and they do not have the right to overthrow the government (Ladenburg, 2007). On the contrary, Locke believes that people are born free with rights to dispose their properties. According to Locke, people form a government to protect their possessions, and they can regain their liberty if the government breaches the law of society. However, following the events that happened in Libya, Locke’s opinion is misguided. After Gaddafi’s fall in Libya, democracy has not yielded much. The country is controlled by armed militias, and the economy is deteriorating. Libya’s state under Gaddafi’s ‘authoritarian’ rule was better than the current ‘democratic’ rule. In conclusion, absolute democracy is unattainable in the presence of many people. Different people pursue different goals, which are likely to be conflicting, and this throws the society into a state of disorder. Human liberty needs to be controlled for a peaceful and progressive

The Study Of Crime Criminology Essay

The Study Of Crime Criminology Essay /The study of crime is an important aspect in criminology as it helps students understand the concepts applied in criminology. Students learn different concepts in criminology. For example, students learn on sources of crime, how different theories are used to explain crime. Also, students learn how to measure crime. Reflecting what one has learned is important as it helps one apply the knowledge acquired and identify major issues in the area of study. Most students find it hard to reflect on what they have learned. This paper analyzes the concept learned in classes so as to demonstrating understanding. Also, the paper will show how to apply the knowledge gained the society. The thesis statement is reflecting the content learned in class and applying the new knowledge in future. Reflection Measuring crime The chapter focuses on methods of measuring crime and importance of measuring crime. Also, it helps one identify the weaknesses of the methods used to measure crime and how to improve the methods. Measuring crime is important as it helps enhance how police officers investigate crimes. Measuring crime reveals the trends in investigation of crimes. It is important to ensure accuracy when measuring crimes. Accuracy helps implement measures to curb crime effectively. This is because the measures are based on valid and reliable data (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). It is difficulty to measure crime in the society as crime is secretive in nature. The chapter measuring crimes helps one understand methods used to measure crime in the society. There are different methods of measuring crime in the society. According to the chapter, criminologists can use surveys, statistical records and self report survey can be used to measure crime. The methods give different results and are used differently. Most people value statistical measures as they provide accurate information on how to measure crime. The government has authorized criminal justice agencies to store information about crimes (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The agencies store details of crimes committed in a database then analyze the information using statistical methods. Most people claim that statistical methods provide accurate results unlike other methods like surveys. Victim survey can be used to measure crime in the society. In victim survey, the police officers measure the degree of criminal behavior by focusing on the victim. Victim surveys method does not provide accurate information as victims may fail to report the crime to the police. In addition, the victim of the crime may lie and this leads to wrong results. Some people disagree with the victim survey method because it is likely to give invalid results. Some people argue that counting the victim of crime is not similar to counting people who have committed the crime. This is because people give different views and this interferes with the accuracy of the results. The method does not measure victimless crimes. For example, police officers do not use survey method to measur e victimless crimes like drug abuse. This interferes with the results and police officers end u0p giving wrong results (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). Another method used to measure crime, is personal survey. In personal survey, the criminal is allowed to give information about their violation of the law. Police officers ensure confidentiality and privacy so as to encourage the criminal to give accurate information. The method has some weaknesses as the criminal might lie or give a fake description so as to escape conviction (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The type of method to be used to measure crime has become a major issue in the society. This is because the current methods used by law enforcement officers to measure crimes are not effective. Some people do not agree on police officers using statistical methods to measure crime. This is because most crimes are not reported to the police and this interferes with the results provided. People in the society experience various types of crimes. Some are major while others are minor. Major crimes like murder are reported to the police and a law enforcement officer might have enough information on major crime happening in the society. Most minor crimes are not reported as the victims in the society consider them to be of less importance. For example, it is difficulty for people in the society to report crimes like snatching. This implies that law enforcement officers do not have adequate information on minor crimes. This interferes with the results released by the police officers. Thus, m ost people do not agree with statistical methods (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). Another issue in the area is accuracy of results and information provided by the criminal. Law enforcement agencies find it difficulty to get accurate information from the criminal. This is because the criminal or the victim might not give correct information. This makes it hard to implement the right measures to curb crime (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The development of criminology theories and production of research in the field is difficulty. This is because criminologists do not have data that is reliable and valid. This has influenced progress in the area of criminology. Hence, the high rate of crimes in the society. For example, governments and law enforcement officers find it hard to enact measures to curb crime. This is because they do not have enough information (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). Further, it has become difficulty to compare the rate of crime internationally. This is because the society has become diverse and the methods used to carry out research are not effective. The methods used to carry out research are not able to cover various items like gender, race, ethnicity etc. The factors differ from one place to another (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The chapter has helped me learn how to measure crime and how the methods used to measure crime work. It has also helped me learn the weaknesses of the methods used to measure crime and how to improve the methods. In addition, the chapter has helped me learn the issues that need to be addressed in the area so as to make prevention of crime effective (Maxfield Babbie, 2008) The criminal agencies should find better ways of measuring crime. They should develop a new system that will be used to measure crime. The system should integrate survey methods and statistical methods together so as to overcome the weaknesses of each method and make the results valid and reliable. The knowledge gathered from the chapter will be applied in criminal agencies to design a new system that produces accurate and reliable results (Siegel, 2009).. Economic, social and cultural sources of crime The chapter analyzes the causes of crime. It analyzes how economic factors, social factors and cultural factors contribute to crime. Identifying cause of crime helps the student apply the knowledge learned in class to control crime in the society. The causes of crime include economic factors, social factors and cultural factors. Economic factors are the major causes of crime. This is because of the gap between the poor and rich. Criminologists have linked poverty with crime. They believe that poverty is the major cause of crime in the society. This is because people do not have enough money or material things to cater for their daily needs. Most people in urban areas and rural areas do not have enough income to sustain themselves. This forces young children and adults to adopt behaviors that are against the societal norms. For example, children and adults in slum areas are likely to involve themselves in crime so as to earn their living. Most people have written theories to explain t he causes of crime in the society. They argue that the disparity between the rich and poor has led to increase in crime as people have to find an alternative method to earn their living. The researchers claim that criminals are influenced by economic factors to steal as they want to bridge the gap between the poor and the rich. Thus, economic factors increase the rate of poverty in the society (Siegel, 2009).. There are social sources of crime. Most people agree that social factors contribute to the high rate of crime in the society. This is because family members and peers influence children differently. First, family members can contribute to crime among children. This is because the child spent most time with the parents and family members. In addiction, family actions increase the rate of crime in the society. For example, parental supervision influences young children. Children who do not get parental love and care are likely to indulge in criminal activities. This is because the children are left to move from one place to another. Another social source of crime is harsh punishments. Children who are subjected to harsh punishments are likely to indulge in criminal activities than children who are not subjected to harsh punishments. Harsh punishments create fear in the child and force him to involve in criminal activities. Rejection of the child leads to criminal activities. This is be cause the child does not get proper care and love (Siegel, 2009).. Apart from rejection if the child per pressure contributes to high rate of criminal activities in the society. Most children learn how to commit crime from their friends. Young children are easily influenced by friends who commit major crimes like drug trafficking or killing. Criminologists argue that peer pressure leads to increase in crime rate as the child is not able to avoid the influence from other people. The pressure forces him to commit crime in the society (Siegel, 2009).. There are main issues in the area of sources of crime. First, people differ on the causes of crime in the society. Some think crime is caused by factors like social, economic factors and cultural factors. Others think the factors do not contribute a lot to crime. Most researchers argue that economic factors do not contribute a lot to crime. This is because countries that have good economic growth experience crimes like countries that do not have good economic growth. This implies that other factors work together to cause crime. The researchers claim that reducing the economic gap between the rich and the poor will not reduce the rate of crime in the society. This is because other factors also contribute to high rate of crime in the society. Others argue that social factors and cultural factors cause crime. Social factors like methods of parenting and peer pressure contribute to high rate of crime. The controversy surrounding causes of crime has made it difficulty for criminologist to identify the main causes of crime. This has also affected the efforts to prevent crime in the society (Siegel, 2009). Another issue in the area is the belief held by various people in the society. Criminologists have different views on the sources of crime. Some think criminals are subjected to various factors that force them to commit crime. They argue that criminals are subjected to social factors, economic factors, and cultural factors. Genetic factors also contribute to crime. The difference in opinion has made it hard to control crime in the society. Criminologists do not agree on the causes of crime. One school argues that physical abnormalities contribute to crime while another school emphasizes on environmental, social, economic factors. In order, to prevent crime in the society, the different schools have to agree on the causes of crime (Siegel, 2009). I have learned how social, economic and cultural factors influence people to commit crime. According to the knowledge gathered from the chapter, social, economic and cultural factors have led to increase in crime in the society. This is because people do not understand how the factors influence crime and this has made it hard to prevent crime. In future criminal agencies should identify social, economic and cultural factors and integrate them together to prevent crime. They should educate the society on how to prevent crime by addressing the factors above. The knowledge acquired from the chapter will used to develop new methods of preventing crime that address social, economic and cultural factors so as to prevent crime (Siegel, 2008). Biological and psychological explanation of crime The chapter helps one understand how biological theories and psychological theories are used to explain crime and how they affect prevention of crime. There are various theories that have been developed to explain crime. For example, criminologists and other people have developed theories like biological theories and psychological theories to explain crime. The theories have different views and they influence prevention of crime differently. Advocates supporting biological theories argue that criminals are influenced by biological factors to commit crime. The advocates argue that genetic factors contribute a lot to criminal behavior in the society. According to biological explanation of crime, criminals inherit genetic materials from the parents and the genetic factors force the criminal to commit crime. Criminals have a certain hormones that influence them to commit crime. Psychologists have developed psychological theories to explain crime. They base their argument on the mental di sorders as the major cause of crime. Psychologists believe that people having mental disorders are likely to commit crime than people who do not commit crime. Most people who have been imprisoned have committed crime because of mental disorders. The victims of crime claim that mental disorders influenced them to commit crime (Siegel, 2008). The difference in opinion between the advocates for biological theories and psychological theories has made it difficulty to control crime. It has led to increase in the rate of crime in the society. The controversy has become a major issue as it affects control of crime (Siegel, 2008). From the chapter above, I have learned that several factors should work together for a criminal to commit crime. For example, biological factors and psychological factors force the criminal to commit crime .This has increased my knowledge as I have known what influences criminals to commit crime and why there is high rate of crime in the society (Siegel, 2008). The knowledge gathered from the chapter above will help design new methods to prevent crime in future. The current methods used to prevent crime do not encompass biological explanation and psychological explanation of crime. The methods are only aimed at preventing crime. Criminologists should integrate biological explanation and psychological explanation of crime in the prevention methods. This will make it easy to control crime in the society. Biological factors contribute a lot to criminal behavior and criminologist in future should identify biological factors that cause criminal behaviors so as to prevent crime in the society. Also, criminologists should work together with psychologists to identify psychological causes of crime and identify ways to prevent the factors from influences the person to commit crime. The law enhancement agencies should not be aimed at preventing crime, but they should be aimed at helping people in the society not to commit crime (Siegel, 2008). Conclusion The thesis statement is reflecting the content learned in class and applying the new knowledge in future. The three chapters above have helped me acquire new knowledge. There are various issues identified in the three areas that need to be addressed. First, measuring of crime has become a major issue. This is because the current methods used to measure crime are not effective. The methods do not provide reliable and viable results. Also, accuracy is a major issue when measuring crime as the methods used to measure crime do not ensure accuracy of information collected and results. The chapter has helped me learn how to measure crime, methods used and how to apply them. The cause of crime is a major issue as people differ on the cause of crime. Social, economic and cultural factors are the major causes of crime in the society. The law enforcement agencies should integrate social, economic and cultural causes of crime so as to make prevention of crime effective. Lastly, the biological and cultural explanation of crime has helped me know how crime is related to biological and psychological factors. This will help improve prevention of crime in future. Law enforcement agencies will work on identifying how biological factors and psychological factors influence crime. ÂÂ   ÂÂ